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CAMP test: Principle, Requirements, Procedure and Result interpretation

CAMP test The CAMP (Christie, Atkins, Munch-Petersen) test is a microbiological procedure used to differentiate between two closely related bacterial species: Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Both species are commonly found in the human gut, and S. agalactiae can be a significant pathogen, particularly for newborns and pregnant women. Understanding the Principle The CAMP test hinges on […]

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Precipitation tests and types

Biochemistry / Upshan

What do you mean by Precipitation reactions? Precipitation reactions are a fundamental concept in chemistry that involve the formation of a solid precipitate when two solutions containing soluble ionic compounds are mixed. These reactions are characterized by the formation of an insoluble compound, which settles out of the solution as a visible solid. This process

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Mumps virus: mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical disease and immunization

Biology / Upshan

Mumps Virus Mumps, also known as epidemic parotitis, is a contagious viral disease caused by the mumps virus, a member of the paramyxovirus family. Characterized by swelling of the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands, mumps can cause a variety of complications, including meningitis, encephalitis, and hearing loss. Understanding its transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, and

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-Replication, Transmission, Pathogenesis, Diseases, diagnosis and treatment

Biology / Upshan

What is Cytomegalovirus? Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a ubiquitous human herpesvirus, belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily. Its name, derived from the characteristic “cytomegaly” (enlargement of cells) observed in infected tissues, hints at its complex and often insidious nature. CMV infection is widespread, with estimates suggesting over 60% of adults globally harboring the virus. While typically asymptomatic in healthy individuals,

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Difference between Ancyclostoma duodenale and Necator americanus

Biology / Upshan

Ancyclostoma Ancuclostoma is a genus of parasitic hookworms that infect the intestines of mammals, including humans. The most common specifies affecting humans is Ancylostoma duodenale. Necator americanus Necator americanus is another species of hookworm that infects the intestines of humans. It is the most prevalent hookworm species worldwide. Ancyclostoma and Necator americanus Ancyclostoma and Necator

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Beta-thalassemia: Causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Biology / Upshan

Beta-thalassemia Beta-thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. This disorder arises from mutations in the beta-globin gene, one of the two genes that make up hemoglobin. Causes and Inheritance It is inherited, meaning it is passed down

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Hepatitis B: replication, transmission, pathogenesis, disease, diagnosis and treatment

Biology / Upshan

What is Hepatitis B? Acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) liver disease can be brought on by the viral illness H B. The HBV, which is contracted by coming into touch with infected blood or body fluids, is the cause of it. Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).

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Marfan syndrome: genetics, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Biology / Upshan

What is Marfan syndrome? Marfan syndrome, a genetic disorder affecting connective tissues, paints a fascinating portrait of human biology. It’s characterized by a myriad of symptoms, many related to the skeletal system, but impacting the cardiovascular, ocular, and pulmonary systems as well. Understanding its genetic underpinnings, recognizing its diverse manifestations, and navigating its diagnostic journey

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Yersinia pestis- characteristics, habitat and virulence factors

Biology / Upshan

What is Yersinia pestis? Yersinia pestis, a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacterium, is the causative agent of plague, a historically devastating disease responsible for countless deaths. Its unique characteristics, environmental adaptability, and potent virulence factors contribute to its dangerous nature, making it a significant public health concern. Characteristics The characteristics of Yersinia pestis, Morphology Y. pestis

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Dracunculus medinensis: life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms,diagnosis and treatment

Biology / Upshan

The Guinea worm, scientifically known as Dracunculus medinensis, is a parasitic roundworm that infects humans through contaminated water. This ancient scourge has plagued humanity for centuries, causing excruciating pain and disability. Understanding its life cycle, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations is crucial for effective control and eradication. Life Cycle of Dracunculus medinensis: A Tale of Two Hosts

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