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Starch hydrolysis test: objectives, introduction, requirements and procedure

The starch hydrolysis test is a straightforward microbiological method used to identify if bacteria can break down starch, a complex carbohydrate, into simpler sugars. This ability is due to the presence of an enzyme called amylase. Bacteria that produce amylase can digest starch into smaller sugar molecules, such as glucose and maltose. This test is […]

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Production of human growth hormone (hGH) by recombinant DNA technology

Biology / Upshan

Define Human Growth Hormone? Human Growth Hormone (hGH) is an essential protein that plays a key role in human growth and development. Produced by the pituitary gland, hGH supports growth in children and helps maintain tissues and organs in adults. However, when the body does not produce enough of this hormone, it can lead to

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Enzymes used in recombinant DNA technology

Biology / Upshan

What is Recombinant DNA? Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, also known as genetic engineering, involves modifying the genetic material of organisms by combining DNA from various sources to create new genetic sequences. Enzymes play a crucial role in this process by helping to manipulate DNA in different ways, allowing the creation and study of recombinant DNA.

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Classification of Streptococcus

Biology / Upshan

Streptococcus is a type of bacteria that can cause a wide variety of infections in humans. While some strains are harmless or even beneficial, others can lead to minor or severe illnesses. Understanding how strep is classified helps distinguish between strains that are dangerous and those that are normally present in the body without causing

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Structure, genome and proteins of HIV

Biology / Upshan

Define Human Immunodeficiency Virus? The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that specifically targets the human immune system, particularly CD4+ T cells, which are vital for immune function. Without treatment, HIV can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a severe condition where the immune system is weakened. To better understand how HIV works, let’s

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Southern Blotting: principle, procedure and application

Biology / Upshan

What is mean by Southern Blotting? Southern blotting is a widely-used laboratory technique for detecting specific DNA sequences within a sample. First introduced by biologist Edwin Southern in 1975, it has become a key method in molecular biology to study genes, detect mutations, and perform DNA fingerprinting. The technique enables researchers to pinpoint a particular

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Mycoplasma: habitat, morphology, culture and biochemical characteristics

Biology / Upshan

Mycoplasma is a unique group of bacteria known for its small size and unusual characteristics, often associated with diseases in humans and animals. Despite its simplicity, Mycoplasma’s biology is quite interesting. Let’s explore its habitat, morphology, culture, and biochemical features in clear terms.Mycoplasma is also called Pleuropneumonia-Like Organisms (PPLO) because they were first discovered in

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Virulence factors and streptococcal infections

Biology / Upshan

Streptococcus is a group of bacteria that causes various infections, ranging from mild to severe. These bacteria have several virulence factors, which are specific traits that help them infect and damage human tissues. By understanding these factors, we can learn why Streptococcus causes infections and how the body fights back. What are Virulence Factors? Virulence

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Dengue virus: structure, serotypes and mode of transmission

Biology / Upshan

What is Dengue Virus? The dengue virus is responsible for causing dengue fever, a mosquito-borne disease that affects millions globally. Understanding the virus’s structure, its various serotypes, and how it spreads helps us better combat this illness. Structure of the Dengue Virus The dengue virus (DENV) is part of the Flavivirus family, which also includes

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Human Eye: Anatomy, parts and structure

Biology / Upshan

The human eye is a remarkable and intricate organ that allows us to perceive the world around us. Though small, it is composed of several parts that each play a crucial role in capturing and processing light. Let’s take a closer look at the anatomy of the eye and how these parts work together to

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