Biology

Biology is the branch of science that primarily deals with the structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution of organisms. It’s a methodological study of life and living things.

Biology is the scientific study of life. It spans multiple levels, from biomolecules and cells to organisms and populations12. All living things share common biological phenomena, such as reproduction, cell division, and the transmission of genetic material.

Tests for specific carbohydrates Seliwanoff’s test, Bial’s test and Iodine test

Tests for specific carbohydrates: Seliwanoff’s test, Bial’s test and Iodine test

Biology /

Specific carbohydrates refer to distinct categories of carbohydrates that can be identified and characterized based on their chemical composition, functional groups, and biological functions. Specific carbohydrates include simple sugars, such as monosaccharides (like glucose, fructose, and galactose), as well as complex sugars such as disaccharides (like sucrose and lactose) and polysaccharides (such as starch, glycogen, […]

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Citrate utilization test objective, principle, procedure and result

Citrate utilization test: objective, principle, procedure and result

Biology /

What is Citrate utilization test ? The Citrate Utilization Test is a biochemical test used to assess whether bacteria can use citrate as their sole carbon source for energy production. This method is particularly useful for identifying different bacterial species, including those in the Enterobacteriaceae family such as E. coli, Klebsiella, and Salmonella. When bacteria

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Nitrate reduction test Objective, Principle, Procedure and Result

Nitrate reduction test: Objective, Principle, Procedure and Result

Biology /

What is Nitrate reduction test? The nitrate reduction test is a biochemical method used to assess if a bacterium can use nitrate as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions, helping in the identification of bacterial species, particularly among Enterobacteriaceae and other facultative anaerobes. By detecting intermediate or end products from nitrate reduction, this test provides

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Oxidation Fermentation (OF) test Objective, Principle, Procedure and Result

Oxidation Fermentation (OF) test: Objective, Principle, Procedure and Result

Biology /

Oxidation Fermentation (OF) Test The Oxidation Fermentation (OF) test, or Hugh-Leifson test, is a laboratory test used to determine if a bacterium breaks down carbohydrates, typically glucose, using oxidation (aerobic respiration) or fermentation (anaerobic respiration). This test is especially useful in identifying Gram-negative bacteria, such as differentiating Pseudomonas (oxidative) from Enterobacteriaceae (fermentative) species. Objective The

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Lead sulfide test Detection of amino acid containing sulfhydral group (-SH)

Lead sulfide test: Detection of amino acid containing sulfhydral group (-SH)

Biology /

What is Lead Sulfide Test? The Lead Sulfide test, also known as the Lead Acetate Test, is a method used to identify amino acids and proteins with a sulfhydryl group (-SH) qualitatively. This test is especially beneficial in pinpointing specific amino acids like cysteine and cystine, which contain this functional group. Detecting sulfhydryl groups is

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DNA extraction from Gram Positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) materials required and protocol

DNA extraction from Gram Positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus): materials required and protocol

Biology /

What is DNA extraction? DNA extraction is a laboratory technique used to isolate DNA from cells or tissues. The main objective is to separate the DNA from other cellular components like proteins, lipids, and RNA so it can be used for analysis or various experiments. DNA extraction is a procedure used to retrieve DNA from

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Millon test Objective, Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result

Millon test: Objective, Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result

Biology /

What is Millon Test? Millon test is a biochemical method used to identify the presence of tyrosine, an amino acid commonly found in many proteins. This test helps confirm the presence of proteins that include tyrosine, thanks to the distinct reaction of its phenolic group. Developed by French chemist Auguste Millon, the test is frequently

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Molisch Test Objectives, Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result

Molisch Test: Objectives, Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result

Biology /

What is Molisch Test? Molisch test is a classic chemical method used to detect carbohydrates. Named after the Austrian botanist Hans Molisch, it is widely employed in biochemistry to verify the presence of sugars, ranging from simple ones like monosaccharides to complex ones like polysaccharides. Objective The primary aim of Molisch test is to identify

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Difference between Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus

Difference between Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus

Biology /

Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus are two distinct medical conditions that, while sharing the name “diabetes,” differ significantly in their causes, mechanisms, and symptoms. What is Diabetes mellitus? Diabetes Mellitus is all about problems with blood sugar. It happens when your body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use insulin properly. Insulin is a

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