The water purification process involves multiple stages designed to transform raw, untreated water into clean, safe drinking water. Each step targets specific impurities, ensuring the water is free from harmful contaminants. Water Purification process Here’s a simplified overview of the process: 1. Screening and Initial Treatment The first step is to remove large debris like […]
Yeast and mold are both types of fungi, but they differ in various aspects like structure, growth patterns, reproduction, and applications. What is Yeast? One kind of single-celled fungus that reproduces mostly by budding is called yeast. It is an essential component in fermentation processes, which turn carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and alcohol. Baking, brewing,
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Overview An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a test that measures the heart’s electrical activity. The heart’s muscles contract due to electrical impulses, and these signals can be detected through electrodes placed on the skin. The information from these electrodes is recorded as a graph known as an ECG. This test is painless
Electrocardiogram (ECG): working principle, normal ECG wave, application of ECG Read More »
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that have been widely used since the 1940s to combat serious bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Examples of these antibiotics include gentamicin, streptomycin, and amikacin, which are frequently employed in treating conditions like sepsis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and pneumonia. Antimicrobial Activity Aminoglycosides are effective at
What is Rhizopus stolonifer? Rhizopus stolonifer, commonly known as black bread mold, is a widespread fungus often seen growing on carbohydrate-rich foods like bread. It’s well-known for its fast growth and the black spores that appear as it matures. Here’s a closer look at its structure and reproductive methods. Structure (Morphology) Rhizopus stolonifer is a
Rhizopus stolonifer: morphology and reproduction of black bread mold Read More »
Buffer A buffer is a solution that helps keep the pH stable when small amounts of acids or bases are added. Buffers are essential in both biological systems and chemical reactions, helping to maintain a consistent pH in environments like the human body, lab experiments, and cell cultures. Typically, buffers are made from a weak
Amies transport medium is a crucial tool in healthcare for preserving and transporting clinical specimens, especially swabs, to laboratories for microbial testing. It ensures that microorganisms like bacteria remain alive during transit, enabling accurate diagnosis. Developed by J.R. Amies in 1967, this medium enhanced previous versions by offering better preservation for delicate pathogens. In this
Amies transport medium: composition, preparation and uses Read More »
Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest challenges modern medicine faces, and ESBL -producing bacteria are at the forefront of this problem. Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases are enzymes produced by some bacteria that allow them to resist the effects of commonly used antibiotics, specifically penicillins and cephalosporins. What are Beta-Lactamases? To understand Extended Spectrum beta-Lactamases, let’s
ESBL (Extended Spectrum beta-Lactamases) and types Read More »
Human insulin is an essential hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels in the body. People with diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, cannot produce enough insulin on their own, which leads to dangerously high blood sugar levels. For many years, insulin for medical use was extracted from the pancreases of pigs or cows. However, this
Bacteria are tiny, single-celled organisms that live almost everywhere, playing crucial roles in everything from digestion and health to causing infections and breaking down waste. Model organisms are essential tools in scientific research because they provide insights into biological processes that are applicable to other species, including humans. Among the many model organisms, bacteria play
