Biology is the branch of science that primarily deals with the structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution of organisms. It’s a methodological study of life and living things.
Biology is the scientific study of life. It spans multiple levels, from biomolecules and cells to organisms and populations12. All living things share common biological phenomena, such as reproduction, cell division, and the transmission of genetic material.
Algae are a diverse group of simple, autotrophic, aquatic organisms that play a crucial role in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Though often associated with water bodies, some species of algae are also found in soil, on rocks, tree trunks, and in association with other organisms such as fungi (in lichens). They are predominantly photosynthetic […]
Algae-General characteristics and Classification Read More »
What Is Exotoxin and Endotoxin? Exotoxin and endotoxin are two types of bacterial toxins that differ in their origin, structure, and effects on the host. Exotoxins are proteins secreted by living bacteria, typically Gram-positive species, and are highly potent, causing specific diseases like tetanus or diphtheria. In contrast, endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found in the outer membrane of
Introduction Bacterial flagella are long, whip-like, tail-like structures attached to some bacteria that help them move through liquid by rotating like a tiny motor. Bacteria are tiny living organisms, and some of them have a special structure called a flagellum (plural: flagella) that helps them move. Think of a flagellum like a little tail or
Bacterial Flagella: Structure, Types, and Function Read More »
Nephrons are the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for the processes of filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. It is a long, coiled tubular structure, beginning in the renal cortex and extending into the renal medulla, which processes blood-derived filtrate through several specialized segments. Every function carried out by the kidney from
Introduction Bone and cartilage are highly specialized types of connective tissue that play essential roles in supporting, connecting, and protecting various structures within the body. They are essential for protecting internal organs, with bones forming protective cavities like the skull and ribcage, while cartilage supports flexible structures like the nose, ears, and trachea. Bone and
Kidneys are the essential organ in the human excretory system, primarily responsible for filtering blood, removing waste products, regulating electrolyte balance, and maintaining fluid homeostasis. Situated within the abdominal cavity, the kidneys perform multiple critical physiological functions necessary for life. Apart from excretion, they also contribute to blood pressure regulation, acid-base balance, and the production
The salivary glands are small but very important organs in our mouth that help us chew, taste, and even digest food. These glands produce a liquid called saliva the watery fluid we feel in our mouths, especially when we think of or see delicious food. Saliva may not seem like a big deal, but without
Mutation refers to a permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA. These changes can occur either naturally during DNA replication or as a result of environmental factors like ultraviolet (UV) radiation, ionizing radiation, and exposure to chemical agents. Mutations can disrupt the normal structure and function of DNA, affecting gene expression, protein
Bacteria Bacteria are microscopic living organisms that can grow and multiply quickly when the conditions are right. When bacteria are placed in a fresh environment with nutrients, they follow a predictable pattern of growth called the bacterial growth curve. Summary of Bacterial Growth Bacterial Growth Curve This curve has four main phases: lag phase, log
Permanent tissues are mature plant cells that have lost the ability to divide. They develop from meristematic tissues and specialize in specific functions like support, storage, or transport. These tissues can be simple (made of one cell type, e.g., parenchyma) or complex (multiple cell types, e.g., xylem and phloem). Once formed, they remain in their
Permanent tissue : Characteristics, types and function Read More »
