Biology is the branch of science that primarily deals with the structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution of organisms. It’s a methodological study of life and living things.
Biology is the scientific study of life. It spans multiple levels, from biomolecules and cells to organisms and populations12. All living things share common biological phenomena, such as reproduction, cell division, and the transmission of genetic material.
Kidneys are the essential organ in the human excretory system, primarily responsible for filtering blood, removing waste products, regulating electrolyte balance, and maintaining fluid homeostasis. Situated within the abdominal cavity, the kidneys perform multiple critical physiological functions necessary for life. Apart from excretion, they also contribute to blood pressure regulation, acid-base balance, and the production […]
The salivary glands are small but very important organs in our mouth that help us chew, taste, and even digest food. These glands produce a liquid called saliva the watery fluid we feel in our mouths, especially when we think of or see delicious food. Saliva may not seem like a big deal, but without
Mutation refers to a permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA. These changes can occur either naturally during DNA replication or as a result of environmental factors like ultraviolet (UV) radiation, ionizing radiation, and exposure to chemical agents. Mutations can disrupt the normal structure and function of DNA, affecting gene expression, protein
Bacteria Bacteria are microscopic living organisms that can grow and multiply quickly when the conditions are right. When bacteria are placed in a fresh environment with nutrients, they follow a predictable pattern of growth called the bacterial growth curve. Summary of Bacterial Growth Bacterial Growth Curve This curve has four main phases: lag phase, log
Permanent tissues are mature plant cells that have lost the ability to divide. They develop from meristematic tissues and specialize in specific functions like support, storage, or transport. These tissues can be simple (made of one cell type, e.g., parenchyma) or complex (multiple cell types, e.g., xylem and phloem). Once formed, they remain in their
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Bacteria are tiny living organisms found almost everywhere on Earth. They can grow and multiply very quickly under the right conditions. However, many factors affect how fast or slow they grow. Understanding these factors is important in many fields like medicine, food production, and microbiology. Summary of the factors affecting bacterial growth Factors Affecting Bacterial
In the fascinating realm of genetics and molecular biology, mutations occupy a central role. A mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence of an organism’s genome. Since DNA serves as the carrier of genetic information essential for the structure, function, and regulation of an organism’s cells, any changes in its sequence can potentially
Respiration and fermentation are both metabolic processes that break down organic molecules (like glucose) to produce energy in the form of ATP. They begin with glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm and yields 2 ATP and NADH. Both processes also involve the regeneration of NAD⁺ to sustain glycolysis, ensuring continuous energy production. While respiration proceeds
Microorganisms are tiny living organisms that are found everywhere. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. While many microorganisms are harmless or even helpful, some can cause diseases, food spoilage, and other problems. Therefore, controlling the growth and spread of harmful microorganisms is very important, especially in healthcare, food production, and public sanitation. One of
The lac operon in Escherichia coli is one of the most studied systems in molecular biology for understanding gene regulation. Discovered by François Jacob and Jacques Monod in the early 1960s, it has since become a cornerstone in the field of prokaryotic gene expression. The lac operon system illustrates how bacterial cells can adapt to
