What is penicillin antibiotics? Penicillin antibiotics are one of the earliest and most commonly used antibiotics. Discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928, penicillin revolutionized medicine by effectively treating bacterial infections. These antibiotics either kill bacteria or stop their growth. Penicillins are mainly prescribed for infections caused by bacteria that are sensitive to them. Although still […]
Specific carbohydrates refer to distinct categories of carbohydrates that can be identified and characterized based on their chemical composition, functional groups, and biological functions. Specific carbohydrates include simple sugars, such as monosaccharides (like glucose, fructose, and galactose), as well as complex sugars such as disaccharides (like sucrose and lactose) and polysaccharides (such as starch, glycogen,
Tests for specific carbohydrates: Seliwanoff’s test, Bial’s test and Iodine test Read More »
What is Citrate utilization test ? The Citrate Utilization Test is a biochemical test used to assess whether bacteria can use citrate as their sole carbon source for energy production. This method is particularly useful for identifying different bacterial species, including those in the Enterobacteriaceae family such as E. coli, Klebsiella, and Salmonella. When bacteria
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What is Nitrate reduction test? The nitrate reduction test is a biochemical method used to assess if a bacterium can use nitrate as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions, helping in the identification of bacterial species, particularly among Enterobacteriaceae and other facultative anaerobes. By detecting intermediate or end products from nitrate reduction, this test provides
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Oxidation Fermentation (OF) Test The Oxidation Fermentation (OF) test, or Hugh-Leifson test, is a laboratory test used to determine if a bacterium breaks down carbohydrates, typically glucose, using oxidation (aerobic respiration) or fermentation (anaerobic respiration). This test is especially useful in identifying Gram-negative bacteria, such as differentiating Pseudomonas (oxidative) from Enterobacteriaceae (fermentative) species. Objective The
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What is Biuret Test? The Biuret test is a basic method used to identify proteins in a given sample. Since proteins are made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, this test helps detect those bonds, indicating the presence of proteins. The Biuret test is a simple chemical test used to detect the presence
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What is Lead Sulfide Test? The Lead Sulfide test, also known as the Lead Acetate Test, is a method used to identify amino acids and proteins with a sulfhydryl group (-SH) qualitatively. This test is especially beneficial in pinpointing specific amino acids like cysteine and cystine, which contain this functional group. Detecting sulfhydryl groups is
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What is DNA extraction? DNA extraction is a laboratory technique used to isolate DNA from cells or tissues. The main objective is to separate the DNA from other cellular components like proteins, lipids, and RNA so it can be used for analysis or various experiments. DNA extraction is a procedure used to retrieve DNA from
What is Millon Test? Millon test is a biochemical method used to identify the presence of tyrosine, an amino acid commonly found in many proteins. This test helps confirm the presence of proteins that include tyrosine, thanks to the distinct reaction of its phenolic group. Developed by French chemist Auguste Millon, the test is frequently
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What is Molisch Test? Molisch test is a classic chemical method used to detect carbohydrates. Named after the Austrian botanist Hans Molisch, it is widely employed in biochemistry to verify the presence of sugars, ranging from simple ones like monosaccharides to complex ones like polysaccharides. Objective The primary aim of Molisch test is to identify
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