Define Normal flora of Gastrointestinal tract? The normal flora of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract refers to the diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, that naturally live in different sections of the digestive system. These microorganisms play an essential role in promoting health, aiding digestion, and defending the body against harmful pathogens. […]
What is Normal flora ? Normal flora are the various microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that naturally inhabit the human body, particularly on surfaces like the skin, mouth, and intestines, where they generally live in harmony and often provide beneficial effects. The human mouth and teeth host a diverse group of microorganisms known
What is Hepatitis A Virus ? Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) is a highly contagious virus that causes liver inflammation, leading to hepatitis A, a generally self-limiting disease. While most cases resolve without complications, severe liver damage can occur in rare instances. Here’s an overview of HAV, including its characteristics, classification, transmission methods, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms,
What is Bacterial Conjugation? Bacterial conjugation is a fascinating process where bacteria exchange genetic material, primarily in the form of plasmids. These plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules that can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. This exchange of genetic material allows bacteria to acquire new traits, such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to metabolize
Define Respiration? Respiration is a crucial process that all living organisms require to stay alive. It involves the exchange of gases mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the surrounding environment. In humans, this exchange primarily takes place in the lungs, which are located in the chest. Types of Respiration Cellular Respiration This
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What is Type I hypersensitivity reaction? Type I hypersensitivity reaction, also known as an immediate allergic reaction, is a fast and exaggerated immune response to a normally harmless substance (allergen) that the body mistakenly identifies as harmful. It underlies many common allergic conditions such as hay fever, asthma, and anaphylaxis, with symptoms ranging from mild
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Define Type III hypersensitivity reaction? Type III hypersensitivity reaction, also called immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity, occurs when clusters of antigens and antibodies, known as immune complexes, form in the blood and get deposited in tissues. This leads to inflammation and damage. Normally, the body clears these complexes, but when they persist, they can cause harmful immune
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a set of proteins found on the surface of cells that play a vital role in the immune system, particularly in helping the body recognize foreign molecules. MHC proteins present fragments of antigens to T-cells, which trigger immune responses. Due to its high level of
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Introduction Cephalosporins are a significant group of beta-lactam antibiotics that are extensively utilized for treating bacterial infections. Discovered in the 1940s from a fungus known as Acremonium, these antibiotics have become essential in medical practice due to their broad-spectrum effectiveness. They operate by either killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth, making them suitable for a
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Define Methyl red Test? The Methyl Red test is a biochemical assay used to detect bacteria that produce stable acidic end-products from glucose fermentation, causing a significant drop in pH. A positive Methyl red test is indicated by a red color change after the addition of methyl red indicator, while a negative result remains yellow
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