What is Candida glabrata? Candida glabrata is a type of yeast (a fungus) that naturally lives in our body, especially in areas like the mouth, intestines, and urinary tract. In most healthy people, it doesn’t cause any problems. But when someone’s immune system is weak like during cancer treatment, after an organ transplant, or if […]
Introduction Rotavirus remains a critical public health concern, particularly for pediatric populations, contributing significantly to the global diarrheal disease burden. This survey note aims to provide a comprehensive, textbook-style exploration of rotavirus, covering its classification, structure, composition, properties, replication, mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control, as of June 2025.
What is Histoplasma capsulatum? Histoplasma capsulatum is a fascinating fungus that can switch between two forms depending on its environment. In nature, particularly in soil enriched with bird or bat droppings, it exists as a mold that releases tiny spores into the air. When people accidentally inhale these spores, the warmth of the human body
What is urine formation? Urine formation is a vital process carried out by the kidneys to maintain the body’s internal environment. It involves filtering blood to remove waste products and excess substances, ensuring the balance of fluids and electrolytes. This process occurs in the nephrons, the functional units of the kidneys, through three main steps:
What Are Hormones? Hormones are chemicals produced by endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, and reproductive organs. These hormones are secreted directly into the blood and carried to target organs or tissues where they trigger specific responses. Think of hormone as emails. The glands are like email senders, the bloodstream is
The animal kingdom is full of fascinating and diverse life forms, and one such important group is the phylum Aschelminthes, also known as Nemathelminthes. Though small in size, these creatures are incredibly significant due to their role in ecosystems, human health, and scientific research. Let’s explore their world in a simple, engaging way. What is
Phylum Aschelminthes/Nemathelminthes: General characteristics and classification Read More »
Gene cloning, also known as molecular cloning, is a fundamental technique in biotechnology and molecular biology. It involves creating multiple identical copies of a specific gene or DNA fragment. This process is essential for various applications, including genetic research, biotechnology, and medicine. What Is Gene Cloning? Gene cloning is the process of isolating a specific
What is Phylum Arthropoda? Phylum Arthropoda is the largest group in the animal kingdom, encompassing over a million described species, including insects, spiders, crabs, and centipedes. These animals are characterized by their segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and a hard exoskeleton made of chitin, which they periodically shed to grow a process known as molting. Arthropods
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Introduction Poliovirus is a small, non-enveloped, RNA virus that belongs to the genus Enterovirus and the family Picornaviridae. It is the causative agent of poliomyelitis (commonly known as polio), a potentially disabling and sometimes fatal disease that primarily affects the nervous system. Poliovirus is highly contagious and mainly spreads through the fecal-oral route. There are
What is Phylum Mollusca? Phylum Mollusca is a diverse group of soft-bodied animals, most protected by hard shells. These creatures include familiar species like snails, clams, octopuses, and squids. They live in oceans, freshwater, and even on land, playing vital roles in ecosystems. Phylum Mollusca share key features: a muscular foot for movement, a mantle
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