Cartilage and Bone Cartilage and bone are essential types of supportive connective tissue in the human body, each serving unique functions. Cartilage and bone tissues consist of an extracellular matrix that includes fibers and ground substance, which gives them strength and flexibility. Both Cartilage and bone tissues have the ability to grow and repair themselves, […]
Supportive connective tissue: Cartilage and Bone Read More »
Define B- lymphocytes ? B-lymphocytes, commonly known as B cells, are a vital component of the immune system. These white blood cells are primarily responsible for defending the body against infections. The name “B-lymphocytes” comes from their development in the bone marrow (the “B” stands for bone marrow). One of their main functions is to
Innate and Acquired Immunity are two essential parts of the immune system that work together to defend the body against infections and diseases. Innate Immunity Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense and is present from birth. It provides immediate, non-specific protection through various physical and chemical barriers, as well as immune cells
Introduction The immune system is the body’s natural defense against harmful invaders like bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It relies on several specialized cells to detect, destroy, and remove these threats. These immune system cells can be grouped into four main types: lymphocytes, phagocytic cells, granulocytes, and dendritic cells. Each plays a unique and essential role
Cells of immune system: Lymphocytes, phagocytic cell, granulocytes and dendritic cells Read More »
What is Phagocytosis? Phagocytosis is the process by which immune cells engulf and digest harmful materials such as pathogens, dead cells, and other debris. This process is essential for eliminating invaders and preventing infections from spreading. The immune system uses various defense mechanisms to protect the body from harmful invaders like bacteria, viruses, and other
Phagocytosis or Phagocytic barrier of immune system Read More »
What is VDRL test? The VDRL test (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test) is a blood test used to screen for syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It’s a type of non-treponemal test, meaning it identifies antibodies produced by the body in response to cell damage caused by syphilis, rather than
VDRL test: Principle, Procedure, Result interpretation and Application Read More »
What is Normal Flora? Normal flora, also known as microbiota, refers to the community of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses that naturally live on or inside the human body without causing disease. These microbes inhabit different parts of the body, including the skin, mouth, gut, respiratory system, and reproductive organs. While microorganisms are often
Normal flora of human host: Types, Examples and Roles Read More »
What are Antibody? Antibody, or immunoglobulins (Ig), are Y-shaped proteins produced by the immune system to detect and neutralize harmful invaders like viruses, bacteria, and toxins, which are called antigens. Each antibody is specific to a particular antigen, fitting with it like a key fits into a lock. This process helps the immune system eliminate
Define Normal flora of Gastrointestinal tract? The normal flora of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract refers to the diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, that naturally live in different sections of the digestive system. These microorganisms play an essential role in promoting health, aiding digestion, and defending the body against harmful pathogens.
What is Normal flora ? Normal flora are the various microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that naturally inhabit the human body, particularly on surfaces like the skin, mouth, and intestines, where they generally live in harmony and often provide beneficial effects. The human mouth and teeth host a diverse group of microorganisms known
