What is RNA? RNA is a single-stranded molecule made up of nucleotides, which are composed of a sugar (ribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Eukaryotes Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus, a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA). They are a diverse and abundant group that includes: Animals: From microscopic […]
What is In vitro fertilization (IVF) ? In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a complex and transformative technology that has revolutionized reproductive medicine. This prompt aims to explore the multifaceted aspects of IVF, delving into its scientific principles, clinical applications, ethical considerations, and societal impact. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a complex and often life-changing fertility
What is Antigens ? Antigens are molecules that can trigger an immune response in the body. They are typically large, complex molecules with unique shapes and chemical properties. Understanding the different types and characteristics of antigen is crucial in understanding the immune system’s response to foreign invaders. Two key properties that define antigen Antigenicity: The ability of
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Bordetella pertussis Bordetella pertussis is a highly contagious bacterium responsible for whooping cough, a serious respiratory illness. It is a major global health concern, especially among infants and young children. Here’s a detailed look at its characteristics, virulence factors, pathogenesis, symptoms, treatment, and vaccination: Characteristics Gram-negative coccobacillus: This means it is a small, rod-shaped bacterium that stains pink
What is Mucormycosis? Mucormycosis, also known as zygomycosis, is a rare but serious fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes. These fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and even in the air. While typically harmless to healthy individuals, mucormycosis can pose a significant
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Plasmids Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some other microorganisms. They exist independently of the main bacterial chromosome and are capable of replicating themselves. What is Plasmid replication? Plasmid replication is the process by which these plasmids make copies of themselves within the host cell. This process is essential for maintaining a stable
Mechanism of Plasmid replication: theta and rolling circle DNA replication Read More »
What is Plasmid incompatibility ? Plasmid incompatibility is a phenomenon where two plasmids, despite being able to replicate independently, cannot stably coexist within the same bacterial cell. This is because they share common replication control mechanisms, leading to competition for essential resources like replication machinery and partitioning proteins. It is a fascinating phenomenon where two plasmids, despite
What is Gardnerella vaginalis? Gardnerella vaginalis is a type of bacteria that commonly lives in the vagina. It’s often present in small amounts and doesn’t cause any problems. However, when it grows too much, it can lead to a condition called bacterial vaginosis (BV). What is Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)? In women, bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a frequent
Kingella species A class of spherical bacteria known as Gram-negative cocci, or kingella species, do not hold onto the crystal violet stain that is typically employed in bacterial staining procedures. Due to their fastidious nature, these bacteria can only flourish in the lab under particular circumstances and with certain nutrients. They are obligatory aerobes that
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Plesiomonas shigelloides A facultative anaerobic gram-negative bacteria, Plesiomonas shigelloides is frequently found in watery settings such as rivers, lakes, and oceans. Additionally, it has been isolated from a variety of species, such as chicken, fish, shellfish, and reptiles. This bacterium is frequently found in freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater, among other settings. Animals also contain
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