Upshan - Best Biology Notes, Reference, Articles

Food borne bacterial gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella, E. coli and Vibrio spp

Foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis, a common illness characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting, is a silent threat lurking in our food supply. Caused by a variety of bacteria, it poses a significant public health concern, affecting millions worldwide. This essay will focus on three notorious culprits: Salmonella, E. coli, and Vibrio species, exploring their characteristics, modes of transmission, […]

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Microbiological assay and methods

Biology / Upshan

The world around us is teeming with microscopic life, from the bacteria in our gut to the fungi in the soil. These microbes play crucial roles in our environment, our health, and even in industrial processes. To understand these invisible forces, scientists utilize various tools, including microbiological assays, a powerful arsenal of techniques that allow us

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Prion disease (an infectious protein)

Biology / Upshan

Prion disease are a fascinating and frightening group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by prions. These are misfolded proteins that can induce other normal proteins to misfold as well, triggering a chain reaction that ultimately damages the brain. Here’s a breakdown : What are prions? Misfolded Proteins: Prions are misfolded versions of a normal protein found in the

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Factor affecting growth of microorganisms in food

Biology / Upshan

Microorganisms Microorganisms, also referred to as microbes, are minuscule living entities that require a microscope to observe them. They consist of some protozoa, fungus, viruses, and bacteria. There are microbes in the soil, water, air, and inside our bodies. They break down organic materials, cycle nutrients, and even cause diseases, all of which are vital functions they perform in different ecosystems. Even though they are tiny, they play a significant role in our daily lives by creating antibiotics, breaking down waste, and assisting with food digestion. Numerous factors, roughly classified as intrinsic and extrinsic factors, affect the proliferation of microbes in food. For food safety and preservation, it is essential to comprehend these elements. Intrinsic Factors Content of Nutrients In order to proliferate, microorganisms need nutrients like proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Foods high in these

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Digestive system of frog: Anatomy and Physiology of digestion

Biology / Upshan

Frog digestive system A frog’s digestive tract is an amazing and effective tool for breaking down its diet of worms, insects, and other small animals. The frog’s digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands. It have shorter guts due to their narrow alimentary canal, which is a characteristic of carnivores. The mouth

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Wine production process

Biology / Upshan

Wine production is a complex and nuanced process that transforms fresh grapes into the beloved beverage we enjoy. It involves a series of steps, each contributing to the final character and quality of the wine. Harvesting Timing is key: Grapes are harvested when they reach peak ripeness, determined by factors like sugar content, acidity, and flavor.

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Digestive and excretory system of Earthworm

Biology / Upshan

Earthworm As detritivores, earthworms consume decomposing organic debris for food. Their body’s lengthy, tubular digestive tract is intended to convert this organic materials into nutrients that can be used by them. Here’s a breakdown: Mouth The journey begins at the mouth, located at the anterior end of the worm. It have no teeth, but their

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Human Brain: Structure and Functions of different parts

Biology / Upshan

Human Brain Human Brain is the primary control center of the human body. It is in charge of all of our mental and emotional processes as well as our bodily functions and senses. Ever wonder what’s happening inside your head? It’s a busy place, a symphony of different parts all working together to make you,

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Plants transformation methods and applications

Biology / Upshan

What do you mean by Plants transformation ? The process of adding new genetic material to a plant’s genome and changing its features is known as “plants transformation.” This is an effective tool for environmental research, medical, and agriculture. Here are a few of the most popular techniques: Methods of Plants transformation Transformation Mediated by Agrobacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a naturally occurring bacteria that infects plants and incorporates its own DNA into the plant’s genome. This technique makes use of this bacteria.Selectable marker genes and the desired gene are added to the

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Animal Cell Culture

Biology / Upshan

What is Animal Cell Culture? Animal cell culture is the process of growing and preserving cells obtained from animal tissues or organs in vitro—that is, inside a flask or laboratory dish—under carefully regulated humidity, temperature, and nutrition levels. Animal Cell Culture The practice of cultivating and preserving animal cells under carefully monitored circumstances, away from

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