Author name: Sudan Pokhrel

Micropropagation stages, types, applications and limitations

Micropropagation: stages, types, applications and limitations

Biology /

Micropropagation is a technique used for the rapid multiplication of plant material, typically involving tissue culture methods. It is widely used in horticulture, agriculture, and forestry to produce large numbers of genetically identical plants. Micropropagation Micropropagation is a technique used in plant biology to rapidly multiply plants through in vitro culture of plant tissues or […]

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Immunological Tolerance Central and Peripheral

Immunological Tolerance: Central and Peripheral

Biology /

Immunological tolerance is a critical aspect of the immune system, enabling it to differentiate between self and non-self antigens to prevent autoimmune diseases. There are two main types of immunological tolerance: central tolerance and peripheral tolerance. Immunological Tolerance Immunological tolerance is the process by which the immune system learns to recognize and avoid attacking the

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Earthworm: habit, habitat, external feature and morphology

Earthworm: habit, habitat, external feature and morphology

Biology /

Earthworms play a crucial role in maintaining soil health through their burrowing and feeding habits. Their segmented bodies, equipped with specialized structures for digestion, excretion, circulation, and reproduction, make them well-adapted to their environment. By breaking down organic matter and aerating the soil, it’s enhance soil fertility and structure, making them essential components of terrestrial

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Digestive glands in Human digestive system, their secretions and functions

Digestive glands in Human digestive system, their secretions and functions

Biology /

Digestive system consists of several glands that secrete various substances to aid in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Here’s a detailed look at the major digestive glands, their secretions, and their functions. There are several digestive glands in the human digestive system that secrete various substances to aid in the process of digestion. Digestive

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Genetic variation as a cause of evolution

Genetic variation as a cause of evolution

Biology /

Genetic variation is essential for evolution as it provides the raw material upon which evolutionary processes, such as natural selection, act. Without genetic variation, populations cannot adapt to changing environments, and evolution would not occur. Source of genetic variation 1. Mutations Mutations are random alterations to an organism’s DNA sequence.Causes include mistakes during DNA replication,

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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Biology /

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) is a fundamental concept in population genetics that describes the genetic variation in a population under certain conditions. It provides a mathematical model to study the genetic makeup of a population and to understand the forces that can cause changes in allele frequencies over time. What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ? Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

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Equipment and materials used in animal cell culture

Equipment and materials used in animal cell culture

Biology /

Animal cell culture involves growing animal cells under controlled conditions, typically outside their natural environment. This process requires a range of equipment and materials to ensure the cells are maintained in a sterile, nutrient-rich environment. Below is a detailed explanation of the essential equipment and materials used in animal cell culture: Equipment used for Animal

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