Author name: Sudan Pokhrel

Mycobacterium leprae- general characteristics, habitat and virulence factors

Mycobacterium leprae- general characteristics, habitat and virulence factors

Biology /

Mycobacterium leprae is a unique pathogen adapted to intracellular survival within human hosts, causing the chronic infectious disease leprosy. Its complex cell wall structure, ability to evade immune responses, and neuropathogenicity contribute to the diverse clinical manifestations observed in affected individuals. Understanding the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms of M. leprae infection is crucial for developing […]

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Lymphatic filariasis (W. bancrofti) transmission, Pathogenesis, clinical manifestation and treatment

Lymphatic filariasis (W. bancrofti): transmission, Pathogenesis, clinical manifestation and treatment

Biology /

Lymphatic filariasis imposes a significant public health burden, affecting over 120 million people globally, with about 40 million suffering from disabling conditions like lymphedema and elephantiasis. Efforts are ongoing to eliminate the disease through comprehensive control programs aiming to interrupt transmission and alleviate suffering in affected populations. Lymphatic filariasis (W. bancrofti) The parasitic worms Wuchereria

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Hookworm infection life cycle, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

Hookworm infection: life cycle, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

Biology /

Hookworm infection is a parasitic disease caused by two main species of hookworms: Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. These parasites live in the small intestine of their host, where they attach to the intestinal wall and feed on blood, leading to various health issues. These hookworms are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in

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Precipitin reaction (The Ring Test) Principle, Requirements, Procedure, Observations and Results interpretation

Precipitin reaction (The Ring Test): Principle, Requirements, Procedure, Observations and Results interpretation

Biology /

Precipitin reaction, specifically the ring test, is a classic immunological assay used to detect the presence of antigens or antibodies in a sample. It is based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction, which forms a visible precipitate. The absence of a ring suggests a negative reaction, indicating the lack of the specific antigen or antibody.

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Enumeration of bacteria by plate count technique

Enumeration of bacteria by plate count technique

Biology /

Enumeration of bacteria refers to the process of counting the number of bacteria in a given sample. This process is essential in various fields, including microbiology, food safety, environmental science, and clinical diagnostics, as it helps determine the microbial load and assess the safety and quality of products and environments. Enumeration of Bacteria To determine

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Echinococcus granulosus (Dog tapeworm)

Echinococcus granulosus (Dog tapeworm)

Biology /

Echinococcus granulosus is a parasitic tapeworm that causes cystic echinococcosis (CE), also known as hydatid disease, in humans and other animals. This parasite has a complex life cycle involving two main hosts: the definitive host, where the adult tapeworm resides, and the intermediate host, where the larval stage (hydatid cyst) develops. Echinococcus granulosus Echinococcus granulosus

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Immunochromatography Assay (ICA) Principle, Components, Steps, Merits, Limitations and Applications

Immunochromatography Assay (ICA): Principle, Components, Steps, Merits, Limitations and Applications

Biology /

Immunochromatography Assay (ICA), also known as lateral flow immunoassay, is a rapid diagnostic test used to detect the presence or absence of a target analyte in a sample. It operates on the principle of antigen-antibody interactions and involves the migration of a liquid sample through a porous membrane via capillary action. Immunochromatography Assay (ICA) Immunochromatography

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Malonate test Principle, Requirements, Procedure, and Result interpretations

Malonate test: Principle, Requirements, Procedure, and Result interpretations

Biology /

Malonate test is a valuable tool in microbiology for differentiating bacteria based on their ability to utilize malonate as a sole carbon source. By observing the color change in the medium, microbiologists can gain insights into the metabolic capabilities of the bacteria, aiding in their identification and characterization. Malonate test A biochemical test called the

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