Author name: Sudan Pokhrel

Tinea (Pityriasis) versicolor etiology, clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment

Tinea (Pityriasis) versicolor: etiology, clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment

Biology /

Tinea versicolor, also known as pityriasis versicolor, is a common superficial fungal infection of the skin caused by yeast of the genus Malassezia. This condition affects the skin’s pigmentation, leading to discolored patches. Tinea (Pityriasis) versicolor Tinea versicolor, also known as pityriasis versicolor, is a common superficial fungal infection of the skin. Tinea versicolor is […]

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O-Nitrophenyl-β-D-Galactopyranoside (ONPG) test: Principle, Procedure and Results

Biology /

O-Nitrophenyl-β-D-Galactopyranoside (ONPG) test is a simple and effective method for detecting β-galactosidase activity in bacteria. By providing a clear visual result based on color change, it aids in the identification and differentiation of bacterial species, especially within the family Enterobacteriaceae. O-Nitrophenyl-β-D-Galactopyranoside (ONPG) test O-Nitrophenyl-β-D-Galactopyranoside (ONPG) test detects the presence of the enzyme β-galactosidase in bacteria.

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Vitamin D Synthesis, regulation, biological roles, sources and deficiency

Vitamin D: Synthesis, regulation, biological roles, sources and deficiency

Biology /

Vitamin D, often called the sunshine vitamin, is essential for human health. Unlike most vitamins, our bodies can actually synthesize vitamin from sunlight exposure. It also comes from a few dietary sources. It plays a critical role in bone health, immune function, and cell growth Vitamin D Vitamin D is a unique nutrient as it

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Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Biosynthesis, Biological roles and Deficiency

Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Biosynthesis, Biological roles and Deficiency

Biology /

Vitamin E, a fat-soluble warrior against free radicals, plays a crucial role in maintaining good health. But where does it come from? How does it benefit us? And what happens when we lack it? Let’s delve into the fascinating world of vitamin E, exploring its biosynthesis, biological roles, and the consequences of deficiency. Vitamin E

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Vitamin B complex Structure, coenzyme forms and Biological roles

Vitamin B complex: Structure, coenzyme forms and Biological roles

Biology /

Vitamin B complex is a collection of eight water-soluble vitamins that perform critical roles in cellular metabolism and overall physiological function. Vitamin B complex, Each of these vitamins has distinct structures and functions, but they frequently collaborate to sustain a variety of biological functions, such as energy production, red blood cell creation, and the health

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Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) Antigen Specific and Non-specific CMI

Cell mediated immunity (CMI): Antigen Specific and Non-specific CMI

Biology /

Cell mediated immunity (CMI) is a critical component of the immune system that activates certain immune cells to combat infections, notably those caused by viruses, intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells. Cell mediated immunity does not use antibodies, but rather a variety of immune cells, especially T lymphocytes (T cells), to detect and eliminate infected or

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Antigen processing and presentation Cytosolic and Endocytic pathway

Antigen processing and presentation: Cytosolic and Endocytic pathway

Biology /

Antigen processing and presentation are critical for the immune system to recognize and respond to pathogens. Antigen processing involves the breakdown of antigens into peptides and their presentation on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. There are two main pathways for antigen processing and presentation: the cytosolic (endogenous) pathway

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Primary cell culture-Preparation of primary chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) culture

Primary cell culture-Preparation of primary chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) culture

Biology /

Primary cell culture refers to the process of isolating and culturing cells directly from a living organism or tissue sample. Primary cultures are valuable tools for studying cell behavior, function, and interactions in a controlled laboratory environment. Primary cell culture Primary cell culture refers to the process of isolating cells from a tissue source (such

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Salmonella morphology, antigenic structure, cultural and biochemical characteristics

Salmonella: morphology, antigenic structure, cultural and biochemical characteristics

Biology /

Salmonella is a genus of bacteria that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is known for causing infections in humans and animals, commonly referred to as salmonellosis. Salmonella Salmonella is a significant pathogen responsible for a range of illnesses in humans and animals. Understanding its characteristics, modes of transmission, and prevention strategies is crucial for

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