Bacteria vs. Virus are both germs, their effects on humans, functions, and structures are very different. Single-celled bacteria are adaptable to a wide range of conditions, even harsh ones. They can multiply on their own and have a sophisticated cell wall construction. While certain bacteria are helpful and support functions like digestion, others can lead […]
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B cell (B lymphocyte), are an essential part of the immune system that provide adaptive immunity. Surface receptors known as B cell receptors (BCRs) enable them to recognize certain antigens. Originating from the bone marrow, these lymphocytes circulate throughout the body. Upon encountering an antigen, they can differentiate into memory cells, providing long-lasting immunity by
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ATP Synthase is an essential enzyme present in the membranes of many bacteria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. It converts inorganic phosphate (Pi) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy source in cells. Protons (H+) passing through a membrane and producing an electrochemical gradient are what propel this process. The energy required for
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Asexual vs. Sexual reproduction are the two primary ways that organisms reproduce. In stable circumstances, asexual reproduction, which involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring, ensures rapid population expansion. This technique is widespread in microorganisms, some plants, and some animals, including hydras. On the other hand, two parents are needed for sexual reproduction,
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Arteries are the essential components of the cardiovascular system, which carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body’s tissues and organs. Life depends on this effective and constant blood flow because it provides the nutrition and oxygen cells require to function correctly and eliminates waste products from metabolism. Definition Blood arteries are the blood
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Transgenic plants, commonly referred to as genetically modified (GM) plants, are plants that have undergone modifications through genetic engineering in order to incorporate particular traits that are not naturally occurring in the species. The introduction of desired traits like resistance to diseases and pests, increased nutritional value, faster growth rates, and tolerance to environmental stressors
Antigenic shift vs antigenic drift are two processes that explain how influenza viruses change and adapt over time are antigenic shift and antigenic drift. A abrupt, significant alteration in the genetic structure of a virus caused by the reassortment of genetic material across strains, frequently originating from different animals, is referred to as an antigenic
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Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop defenses against antibiotics, which are medications used to either kill or stop the growth of the bacteria. The inefficiency of current therapies due to this resistance increases the danger of spreading to others and results in illnesses that persist. What is Enterobacteriaceae? Enterobacteriaceae is a family of Gram-negative, rod-shaped
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Angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, are a group of plants that have seeds and flowers inside of fruits. They can be distinguished from gymnosperms by this characteristic, as the latter do not have seeds enclosed in fruit. Encompassing a wide variety of species found in almost every habitat on Earth, they are the largest
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Respiration is a basic biological process which allows organisms to release waste products while converting biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Anaerobic respiration is the process that takes place when oxygen is not present, whereas aerobic respiration happens when oxygen is present. There are two main types of respiration. They are: What is
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