Gram staining is a technique employed to categorize bacteria into two primary groups depending on their cell wall composition: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Gram staining was initially created by a Danish researcher, Hans Christian Gram, in 1884. The primary purpose of the test is to observe how bacteria respond to a dye known as crystal violet, […]
The Chloride shift, known as the Hamburger phenomenon, is a mechanism that takes place in red blood cells (RBCs) to assist in transporting carbon dioxide (CO₂) and to regulate the balance of ions in the bloodstream. This process is crucial for effective gas exchange and sustaining the acid-base equilibrium in the body. Carbon Dioxide Transport
Batch and fed-batch and continuous culture methods are methods of growing microorganisms, where batch culture involves growing microorganisms in a fixed volume of nutrient medium until it is exhausted, fed-batch culture adds nutrients at intervals to prolong growth, while continuous culture maintains a constant environment by continuously adding fresh medium as the medium is removed. These three methods of culture – batch and fed-batch and continuous culture –
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Glycolysis and Pentose Phosphate Pathway Glycolysis and Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) are essential metabolic pathways that take place in the cytoplasm of cells. Both participate in glucose metabolism, yet they have different roles, generate various products, and adhere to separate biochemical pathways. Glycolysis decomposes glucose to generate ATP (energy) and pyruvate, which can be utilized
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Introduction Cultivation technique of bacteria refers to the techniques and procedures employed for the cultivation and upkeep of bacterial populations in a controlled environment, usually in a lab or industrial setting. The bacterial cultivation is a crucial process in fields like microbiology and biotechnology, as it involves growing bacteria for the creation of useful products
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Introduction The Glyoxylate Cycle is a different metabolic route that allows specific organisms, such as plants, bacteria, and fungi, to transform acetate (or similar C2 substances like fatty acids) into glucose. This process is important as it avoids the decarboxylation stages of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) that usually result in the release of
Introduction The Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway is a metabolic route that is used as an alternative for producing energy from glucose or other sugars. Certain bacteria, archaea, and some other microorganisms utilize this pathway as a substitute for the more prevalent Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway (glycolysis). The ED pathway is especially vital in situations where alternate pathways
Introduction The Citric Acid Cycle, also referred to as the Krebs Cycle or TCA Cycle, is a sequence of chemical reactions that takes place in the mitochondria of cells. It plays a crucial role in cellular respiration. It occurs within the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells (or in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes) and is in charge
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Introduction to Physiology of digestion The physiology of digestion is all about how our bodies break down food, absorb the nutrients we need, and get rid of waste. It’s a complex process where food is turned into smaller molecules, allowing us to utilize those nutrients while discarding what we don’t need. To really understand the
