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Plague: transmission, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology

Plague: transmission, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology

Biology /

Plague, a historically terrible disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, remains a public health problem despite advances in medical technology. It is also known for its participation in some of the deadliest pandemics in human history and takes three basic forms: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic, each with its unique transmission mechanism and clinical presentation. […]

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Leprosy: clinical diagnosis and treatment

Leprosy: clinical diagnosis and treatment

Biology /

Leprosy, often known as Hansen’s disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, upper respiratory tract, eyes, and testicles. While the disease is curable with multidrug therapy, early diagnosis, and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent permanent disabilities. It has extended incubation periods, which

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Mycobacterium leprae- general characteristics, habitat and virulence factors

Mycobacterium leprae- general characteristics, habitat and virulence factors

Biology /

Mycobacterium leprae is a unique pathogen adapted to intracellular survival within human hosts, causing the chronic infectious disease leprosy. Its complex cell wall structure, ability to evade immune responses, and neuropathogenicity contribute to the diverse clinical manifestations observed in affected individuals. Understanding the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms of M. leprae infection is crucial for developing

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Lymphatic filariasis (W. bancrofti) transmission, Pathogenesis, clinical manifestation and treatment

Lymphatic filariasis (W. bancrofti): transmission, Pathogenesis, clinical manifestation and treatment

Biology /

Lymphatic filariasis imposes a significant public health burden, affecting over 120 million people globally, with about 40 million suffering from disabling conditions like lymphedema and elephantiasis. Efforts are ongoing to eliminate the disease through comprehensive control programs aiming to interrupt transmission and alleviate suffering in affected populations. Lymphatic filariasis (W. bancrofti) The parasitic worms Wuchereria

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Hookworm infection life cycle, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

Hookworm infection: life cycle, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

Biology /

Hookworm infection is a parasitic disease caused by two main species of hookworms: Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. These parasites live in the small intestine of their host, where they attach to the intestinal wall and feed on blood, leading to various health issues. These hookworms are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in

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Precipitin reaction (The Ring Test) Principle, Requirements, Procedure, Observations and Results interpretation

Precipitin reaction (The Ring Test): Principle, Requirements, Procedure, Observations and Results interpretation

Biology /

Precipitin reaction, specifically the ring test, is a classic immunological assay used to detect the presence of antigens or antibodies in a sample. It is based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction, which forms a visible precipitate. The absence of a ring suggests a negative reaction, indicating the lack of the specific antigen or antibody.

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Immunochromatography Assay (ICA) Principle, Components, Steps, Merits, Limitations and Applications

Immunochromatography Assay (ICA): Principle, Components, Steps, Merits, Limitations and Applications

Biology /

Immunochromatography Assay (ICA), also known as lateral flow immunoassay, is a rapid diagnostic test used to detect the presence or absence of a target analyte in a sample. It operates on the principle of antigen-antibody interactions and involves the migration of a liquid sample through a porous membrane via capillary action. Immunochromatography Assay (ICA) Immunochromatography

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