Biology is the branch of science that primarily deals with the structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution of organisms. It’s a methodological study of life and living things.
Biology is the scientific study of life. It spans multiple levels, from biomolecules and cells to organisms and populations12. All living things share common biological phenomena, such as reproduction, cell division, and the transmission of genetic material.
Introduction Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is a deadly virus that causes a severe form of viral hemorrhagic fever in humans. It is one of the most widespread tick-borne viruses known to infect humans and is of great public health concern due to its high fatality rate, potential for outbreaks, and absence of a widely […]
Introduction Corynebacterium diphtheriae, commonly known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus, is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes diphtheria, a serious and potentially life-threatening infection. Discovered by Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Löffler in the late 19th century, this bacterium became infamous for its role in respiratory and cutaneous infections before the advent of effective vaccination. Though diphtheria is
Introduction The immune system plays a vital role in protecting our body from foreign invaders. But sometimes, it can mistakenly attack our own cells. One of the best diagnostic tools that help detect such immune-related disorders, especially those affecting red blood cells (RBCs), is the Coomb’s test. Also known as the Antiglobulin Test, it helps
Introduction Microorganisms play a vital role in many biotechnological processes. One of the key methods for cultivating these organisms, especially for industrial and research purposes, is the continuous culture system. Unlike batch culture, where microorganisms are grown in a fixed volume of nutrients, continuous culture provides a constant environment where fresh nutrients are added and
Introduction A gradient refers to a gradual change or difference in quantity or value between two points in space. It tells us how something changes over a distance—this “something” could be temperature, pressure, concentration, height, or even color intensity. In the world of biology, chemistry, and even physics, one concept plays a crucial role in
Introduction The complement system is one of the most powerful parts of our body’s immune defense. It consists of a group of proteins that work together to protect us from infections, clean up damaged cells, and support other parts of the immune system. While its functions are fascinating, understanding its properties and naming system (nomenclature)
Introduction Complement components are a group of specialized proteins found in the blood and on cell surfaces that make up the complement system, which is a vital part of our immune defense. These components are usually labeled C1 to C9, along with some additional proteins like Factor B, Factor D, Properdin, MBL (mannose-binding lectin), and
Introduction Competition interaction is a type of biological interaction where two or more organisms or species struggle to gain access to the same limited resource, such as food, water, shelter, light, space, or mates. In nature, all living organisms interact with one another in many different ways. One of the most common and crucial types
Introduction Pathogenic bacteria are types of bacteria that cause disease in humans, animals, or plants. Unlike harmless or beneficial bacteria that help with digestion or nutrient cycling, pathogenic bacteria invade the body, disrupt normal function, and can lead to illness. The human digestive system is home to trillions of microbes, most of which are beneficial
Introduction Commensalism is a type of biological relationship between two living organisms in which one organism benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor helped. In simple terms: One organism gains something (like food, shelter, or transportation), and the other organism remains unaffected — it doesn’t get hurt or helped. Example: A barnacle attaching to
