Biology is the branch of science that primarily deals with the structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution of organisms. It’s a methodological study of life and living things.
Biology is the scientific study of life. It spans multiple levels, from biomolecules and cells to organisms and populations12. All living things share common biological phenomena, such as reproduction, cell division, and the transmission of genetic material.
Microorganisms are all around us, but they are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Even under a microscope, many of them are colorless and transparent, which makes it hard to study their shape, size, and structure. This is where stains or dyes play a very important role in microbiology. They help color […]
Stains or dyes used in microbiology: composition, types and mechanism of staining Read More »
Phylum Echinodermata is a distinct and well-defined group of exclusively marine animals recognized for their unique anatomical and physiological features. The term “Echinodermata” is derived from the Greek words echinos, meaning spiny, and derma, meaning skin collectively referring to their characteristic spiny or rough external covering. These organisms are particularly fascinating due to their radial
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the immune system, weakening the body’s ability to fight infections and diseases. The main targets of HIV are certain immune cells called CD4+ cells, which include T-lymphocytes (helper T cells), macrophages, and monocytes. These cells are critical players in the body’s defense system, and their destruction
Microbiology definition Microbiology is the study of microscopic living organisms, commonly known as microorganisms or microbes. These include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, and certain parasites. Microbiology is a fascinating and essential field of science because microbes affect every part of life on Earth from human health and disease to agriculture, the environment, and industry.
Introduction Bacteria are tiny, single-celled organisms, but don’t let their size fool you—they’re incredibly smart when it comes to survival. One of their coolest tricks is the ability to pick up DNA from their surroundings and use it to improve themselves. This process is called bacterial transformation. You can think of it like this: imagine
Bacterial Transformation: Competence in gram positive and gram negative bacteria Read More »
Phylum Annelida represents a diverse group of segmented worms that are predominantly aquatic but also include terrestrial species. They exhibit bilateral symmetry, a segmented body plan, and a well-developed organ system. Annelids play significant ecological roles in soil aeration, nutrient cycling, and as part of aquatic food webs. Annelids are invertebrate animals characterized by their
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Phylum Cnidaria, also historically known as Coelenterata, includes a fascinating group of aquatic invertebrates primarily found in marine environments, though some inhabit freshwater bodies. These organisms are characterized by their simple tissue organization, radial symmetry, and a unique mechanism for capturing prey through specialized stinging cells. Coelenterons exhibit diverse body forms, from free-swimming jellyfish to
Phylum Cnidaria/Coelenterata: General Characteristic and Classification Read More »
Introduction Imagine you haven’t eaten for a long time maybe you’re fasting, on a strict diet, or going through intense physical training. Your body needs energy to keep going, especially your brain and red blood cells, which mainly run on glucose (a type of sugar). But what happens when there’s no more sugar left from
Bacteroides are a group of obligate anaerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacteria commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. They play an important role in maintaining the balance of the gut microbiota and assisting in the digestion of complex molecules. However, under certain circumstances, such as when they translocate from their normal habitat to sterile body sites,
Bacteroides: Classification, virulence factors and biochemical tests Read More »
One fascinating area of biotechnology is plant tissue culture, which provides a wealth of potential for manipulating and growing plant cells, tissues, and organs under controlled conditions. This method, which is effectively “cloning” plants, makes use of totipotency, the extraordinary capacity of plant cells to differentiate into any other kind of cell. Tissue culture has
