Biology is the branch of science that primarily deals with the structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution of organisms. It’s a methodological study of life and living things.
Biology is the scientific study of life. It spans multiple levels, from biomolecules and cells to organisms and populations12. All living things share common biological phenomena, such as reproduction, cell division, and the transmission of genetic material.
Introduction Nature is full of diverse organisms that share the same environment but behave in different ways. Have you ever wondered why lions and hyenas, though living in the same African savannah, don’t always compete for food? Or why certain plants grow only in specific soil types or sunlight conditions? The answer lies in the […]
In the field of genetics, mapping the position of genes on chromosomes has proven to be one of the most vital tools for understanding heredity and genetic disorders. Chromosome mapping provides a visual representation of gene locations and their distances relative to one another, greatly enhancing our understanding of biological inheritance and disease mechanisms. With
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Introduction In molecular biology and biotechnology, different types of blotting techniques are used to detect specific biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. The commonly known blotting techniques are Southern blot (for DNA), Northern blot (for RNA), and Western blot (for proteins). However, another less-known yet important technique called Eastern blot plays a significant role
Introduction Escherichia coli (commonly known as E. coli virotypes) is a type of bacteria that normally lives in the intestines of humans and animals. Most strains of E. coli are harmless and even beneficial—they help with digestion and vitamin production. However, some specific types, known as pathogenic E. coli, can cause various infections, particularly in
Introduction Microorganisms possess a wide range of enzymes that help them survive and adapt in diverse environments. One such enzyme is deoxyribonuclease (DNase), which breaks down DNA molecules. In the field of microbiology and clinical diagnostics, detecting this enzyme can help identify certain bacterial species. This is where the DNase test comes into play. The
Chromatography is a foundational analytical technique that has become indispensable across science and industry. It enables precise separation, identification, and purification of complex mixtures, supporting advancements in pharmaceuticals, environmental analysis, food chemistry, and forensic science. As innovations unfold, it continues to evolve, maintaining its position at the forefront of analytical tools. Its roots trace back
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Introduction In every living cell, there is a process constantly happening that acts as a bridge between the stored genetic information in DNA and the proteins that carry out the work of life. This process is called transcription, and it is the first step in the central dogma of molecular biology—DNA → RNA → Protein.
Introduction Imagine if you could look at the activity of thousands of genes all at once, just like scanning the entire library to see which books are being read at the same time. This is exactly what a DNA microarray allows scientists to do. DNA microarray technology is a powerful tool in molecular biology that
Cholesterol is much more than just a dietary concern, it is a fundamental molecule in human physiology. It contributes to cell membrane integrity, serves as a precursor for vital compounds, and plays a key role in cellular communication. Despite its essential functions, elevated cholesterol levels particularly LDL cholesterol are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular
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Introduction In the world of molecular biology, DNA ladder is an essential tool used in gel electrophoresis to estimate the size of DNA fragments. Whether you’re studying a gene, confirming PCR products, or cloning DNA, a DNA ladder acts like a molecular ruler that helps you interpret your results. It’s called a “ladder” because, when
