Biology is the branch of science that primarily deals with the structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution of organisms. It’s a methodological study of life and living things.
Biology is the scientific study of life. It spans multiple levels, from biomolecules and cells to organisms and populations12. All living things share common biological phenomena, such as reproduction, cell division, and the transmission of genetic material.
Introduction Imagine you haven’t eaten for a long time maybe you’re fasting, on a strict diet, or going through intense physical training. Your body needs energy to keep going, especially your brain and red blood cells, which mainly run on glucose (a type of sugar). But what happens when there’s no more sugar left from […]
Bacteroides are a group of obligate anaerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacteria commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. They play an important role in maintaining the balance of the gut microbiota and assisting in the digestion of complex molecules. However, under certain circumstances, such as when they translocate from their normal habitat to sterile body sites,
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One fascinating area of biotechnology is plant tissue culture, which provides a wealth of potential for manipulating and growing plant cells, tissues, and organs under controlled conditions. This method, which is effectively “cloning” plants, makes use of totipotency, the extraordinary capacity of plant cells to differentiate into any other kind of cell. Tissue culture has
What is Bacterial Cell wall? Bacterial cell wall is a strong, protective outer layer that surrounds the bacterial cell. It gives the cell its shape, protects it from bursting, and helps the bacteria survive in different environments. Bacterial cell wall is made of peptidoglycan, a polymer made of sugars and amino acids that provides structural
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Gas gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis, is a rapidly progressive and life-threatening infection characterized by extensive muscle necrosis, gas production, and systemic toxicity. The disease commonly occurs in deep wounds contaminated with soil or fecal matter and is often associated with traumatic injuries, surgical procedures, or compromised blood supply. Gas gangrene demands immediate medical
Introduction Vegetative cell and endospore are two different forms of a bacterial cell, where the vegetative cell is the active, growing form and the endospore is the dormant, highly resistant form that helps the bacterium survive harsh conditions. Bacteria are fascinating microorganisms that can survive in some of the harshest environments on Earth. One of
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Algae are a diverse group of simple, autotrophic, aquatic organisms that play a crucial role in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Though often associated with water bodies, some species of algae are also found in soil, on rocks, tree trunks, and in association with other organisms such as fungi (in lichens). They are predominantly photosynthetic
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What Is Exotoxin and Endotoxin? Exotoxin and endotoxin are two types of bacterial toxins that differ in their origin, structure, and effects on the host. Exotoxins are proteins secreted by living bacteria, typically Gram-positive species, and are highly potent, causing specific diseases like tetanus or diphtheria. In contrast, endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found in the outer membrane of
Introduction Bacterial flagella are long, whip-like, tail-like structures attached to some bacteria that help them move through liquid by rotating like a tiny motor. Bacteria are tiny living organisms, and some of them have a special structure called a flagellum (plural: flagella) that helps them move. Think of a flagellum like a little tail or
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Nephrons are the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for the processes of filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. It is a long, coiled tubular structure, beginning in the renal cortex and extending into the renal medulla, which processes blood-derived filtrate through several specialized segments. Every function carried out by the kidney from
