Biology

Biology is the branch of science that primarily deals with the structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution of organisms. It’s a methodological study of life and living things.

Biology is the scientific study of life. It spans multiple levels, from biomolecules and cells to organisms and populations12. All living things share common biological phenomena, such as reproduction, cell division, and the transmission of genetic material.

EMB Agar

EMB Agar

Introduction Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar is a selective and differential culture medium primarily used for the isolation and differentiation of Gram-negative enteric bacteria, especially coliforms and fecal coliforms like Escherichia coli. This medium serves as a powerful diagnostic tool in microbiology laboratories, water quality testing, and clinical diagnostics. Its unique combination of dyes not […]

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Clostridium perfringen

Clostridium perfringens: Overview, Enterotoxins and Food Poisoning

Foodborne pathogens continue to be a significant global public health issue, contributing to millions of illnesses, hospitalizations, and fatalities annually. Among these, Clostridium perfringens is a notorious bacterial agent responsible for one of the most commonly reported forms of foodborne gastroenteritis. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of C. perfringens, focusing on its

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Electroporator

Electroporator

Introduction In the world of biotechnology and molecular biology, a breakthrough method for introducing foreign genetic material into cells is known as electroporation. The core instrument behind this technique is called an electroporator. This sophisticated yet accessible device applies a short electrical pulse to cells, creating temporary pores in the cell membrane through which DNA,

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Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)

Introduction Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), also known as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), is a powerful analytical technique used to study materials that contain unpaired electrons. It is particularly useful in chemistry, physics, biology, and materials science for investigating the behavior and properties of free radicals, transition metal complexes, and defects in solids. Unlike Nuclear Magnetic

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CLED Agar

CLED Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses

In microbiology, culture media play a pivotal role in isolating, identifying, and differentiating various microorganisms. Different types of selective, differential, and enriched media are developed to support the growth of specific bacteria while suppressing others, providing valuable diagnostic information in clinical settings. Among these, CLED Agar (Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient Agar) holds significant importance, especially

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cladogram

Cladogram: Features, Parts, Examples (vs. Phylogram)

Modern evolutionary biology relies heavily on tools that help visualize relationships between organisms, both living and extinct. One of the most widely used methods for this purpose is cladistics, and its graphical representation the cladogram. Understanding cladograms is essential for students and researchers because these diagrams provide a clear, testable hypothesis of how species or

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Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Introduction The human heart beats rhythmically to supply blood to the entire body, and with every heartbeat, an electrical impulse travels through the heart muscle. These electrical signals help the heart contract and relax, ensuring a coordinated and effective blood flow. To observe and understand these electrical impulses, medical professionals use a diagnostic tool called

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Egg Yolk Agar

Egg Yolk Agar

Introduction Egg Yolk Agar is a specialized microbiological medium used widely in clinical and research laboratories to detect specific enzymatic activities, particularly those related to lipase and lecithinase production. It is especially valuable for identifying Clostridium species, Staphylococcus aureus, and other microorganisms capable of breaking down egg yolk components. What makes this medium unique is

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Ecosystem

Ecosystem

Introduction Nature is a complex and interconnected web of living organisms and their physical surroundings. Everything in nature interacts in some way animals eat plants, plants need sunlight, fungi break down dead materials, rivers bring water, and the sun provides energy. All these relationships form what we call an ecosystem. It is one of the

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Chromosomes

Chromosomes- Definition, Structure, Types, Model, Functions

Chromosomes are essential components of living cells, responsible for carrying the genetic material that determines the traits and biological processes of an organism. These thread-like structures play a crucial role in heredity, cellular function, and the regulation of genetic information within the cell nucleus. From the early days of cytogenetics to modern genome editing techniques,

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