Biology is the branch of science that primarily deals with the structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution of organisms. It’s a methodological study of life and living things.
Biology is the scientific study of life. It spans multiple levels, from biomolecules and cells to organisms and populations12. All living things share common biological phenomena, such as reproduction, cell division, and the transmission of genetic material.
1. Introduction Cellular respiration is a biological process in which cells break down glucose in the presence or absence of oxygen to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), along with carbon dioxide and water as by-products. All living organisms need energy to perform their daily functions like moving, growing, repairing damage, and staying alive. This energy comes […]
1. Introduction All living organisms are made of cells. While animal cells have only a flexible cell membrane, many other living things like plants, fungi, and bacteria have an additional, rigid layer called the cell wall. The cell wall is like armor—it gives the cell shape, strength, and protection. Even though it serves similar purposes
Cell Wall (Plant, Fungal, Bacterial): Structure and Functions Read More »
1. Introduction Cells are the basic units of life. Everything from a tiny bacterium to a complex human body is made up of cells. Inside every cell, there are many small parts called organelles. These organelles work like mini organs, each doing a specific job to keep the cell alive and working properly. Just as
Cell Organelles: Definition, Structure, Functions, and Diagram Read More »
1. Introduction Cell fusion is an important process in both nature and science. It happens when two or more cells join together to form a single, larger cell. This new cell may share the membranes, cytoplasm, and even genetic material of the original cells. Cell fusion is not only a normal part of life (like
1. Introduction In the world of medical research and public health, it is important to understand what causes diseases, how they spread, and how we can prevent them. To do this, researchers use different types of studies. One commonly used study method is the case-control study. This type of study is especially useful when we
Case-Control Study – Definition, Steps, Advantages, and Limitations Read More »
1. Introduction The human heart is not just a pump—it’s a carefully timed and coordinated machine. It beats over 100,000 times a day, sending blood to every cell of your body. But what keeps the heart beating so regularly? That’s the job of the cardiac conduction system. The cardiac conduction system is like the heart’s
Cardiovascular System Physiology: Cardiac Conduction Read More »
Centrifugation is a widely used technique in scientific, clinical, and industrial settings for separating components of mixtures based on their physical properties. The technology takes advantage of centrifugal force to isolate materials of different densities within a liquid or suspension, offering rapid and efficient separation that would otherwise require extensive time through natural sedimentation. An
Centrifuge: Principle, Parts, Types, Uses, and Real-World Examples Read More »
1. Introduction Antibiotics are among the most important tools in modern medicine. They help us treat infections and save lives. However, not all antibiotics are created equal. Some are stronger than others, and carbapenems are among the most powerful. Carbapenems are often called “last-resort antibiotics” because doctors use them when other antibiotics fail. They are
1. Introduction In today’s world, one of the biggest threats to healthcare is antibiotic resistance — when bacteria no longer respond to the medicines designed to kill them. One especially dangerous example of this is Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). This is a type of bacteria that is not only hard to treat but can also
Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) Read More »
Introduction The capsule stain is a specialized microbiological technique used to visualize bacterial capsules—gelatinous, protective layers surrounding some bacterial cells. These capsules play crucial roles in virulence, immune evasion, and biofilm formation. Unlike routine staining methods, capsule staining requires special approaches because capsules are water-soluble and non-ionic, making them resistant to conventional stains. This guide
Capsule Stain: Principle, Procedure, and Result Interpretation Read More »
