Biology is the branch of science that primarily deals with the structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution of organisms. It’s a methodological study of life and living things.
Biology is the scientific study of life. It spans multiple levels, from biomolecules and cells to organisms and populations12. All living things share common biological phenomena, such as reproduction, cell division, and the transmission of genetic material.
Introduction A chromosomal mutation is a change in the structure or number of chromosomes in a cell. These mutations affect large sections of DNA and often involve multiple genes. Chromosomes are like carefully arranged bookshelves of genetic information. Each chromosome contains hundreds or thousands of genes that direct the functions of cells and determine everything […]
Introduction Chocolate agar is a non-selective, enriched growth medium primarily used to grow bacteria that require special nutrients. In the field of microbiology, growth media play a vital role in helping scientists grow and study bacteria. One such specialized medium is Chocolate Agar—a name that often surprises people because it has nothing to do with
Introduction Chlamydia trachomatis is a name you’ve probably come across if you’ve studied microbiology, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), or human health. It’s not just a bacterium—it’s one of the most common causes of preventable infectious diseases worldwide. Despite its small size and simple structure, C. trachomatis has a big impact on human health, especially reproductive
Introduction The Chi-square test (often written as χ² test) is one of the most commonly used statistical tests in research. Whether you’re a biologist, psychologist, sociologist, or just someone analyzing survey data, it can help you determine whether there’s a significant association between categorical variables. It’s especially powerful in understanding frequencies and proportions in data,
Introduction Chemical sterilization is the process of destroying all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, using chemical agents. It is used especially for heat-sensitive instruments and materials. Sterilization is the complete removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. It is an essential process
1. Introduction Charcoal selective medium is a specialized growth medium used in microbiology to isolate and identify specific pathogens—most notably Bordetella pertussis, the bacterium responsible for whooping cough. Charcoal helps neutralize toxic substances in the sample or added preservatives, while additional components inhibit unwanted bacteria. In the microscopic world of bacteria, not all organisms are
1. Introduction The genetic code is a set of instructions in DNA and RNA that tells cells how to make proteins. It reads sequences of three nucleotides (codons) to determine which amino acids to link together. Proteins are built from these amino acids and carry out essential life functions. Imagine a universal language that dictates
Introduction The Cetrimide Agar Test is a selective microbiological test designed to isolate and identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa from clinical, environmental, and industrial samples. Microbiologists often need to detect specific bacteria from a mixture of many different microorganisms. This is especially important in healthcare, water testing, pharmaceutical industries, and food safety. One such test that helps
Introduction Centrifugal force refers to the apparent force that seems to push materials outward from the center of a spinning motion. In biology, especially in laboratory settings, the term centrifugal force comes up quite often. You may have heard of a centrifuge—a machine used to spin biological samples rapidly. This spinning helps separate components like
Introduction Centrioles are cylindrical, tube-like structures found in most eukaryotic cells. Cells are the basic building blocks of life, and each part of a cell plays a unique and crucial role in ensuring the cell functions properly. Among the many organelles in a cell, centrioles are small but very important structures that often go unnoticed.
