Biology is the branch of science that primarily deals with the structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution of organisms. It’s a methodological study of life and living things.
Biology is the scientific study of life. It spans multiple levels, from biomolecules and cells to organisms and populations12. All living things share common biological phenomena, such as reproduction, cell division, and the transmission of genetic material.
Introduction Coltiviruses are a group of viruses that belong to the Reoviridae family, known to cause a feverish illness in humans known as Colorado Tick Fever (CTF). Though not as widespread as the flu, CTF and related infections are important due to their geographic association, vector (tick) involvement, and potential for misdiagnosis. Viruses are microscopic […]
Introduction Stool (also called feces) is more than just waste material—it holds valuable information about a person’s health. It can help detect infections, parasites, digestive disorders, blood, and even cancer. But to get accurate results, how the stool sample is collected, handled, and transported is just as important as the testing itself. Imagine a situation
Introduction The ColE1 plasmid is a naturally occurring circular DNA molecule found in Escherichia coli (E. coli). It carries the gene for colicin E1, a toxin that kills competing bacteria, and it can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. In the field of genetic engineering and biotechnology, plasmids play a central role. They are tiny,
Introduction to Genetics and Codominance Codominance is a type of inheritance where both alleles in a gene pair are fully and equally expressed in the phenotype. Neither allele hides or masks the other. Instead, traits from both parents appear side by side. Genetics is the science of heredity—how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
Introduction Coccidioidomycosis (pronounced kok-sid-ee-oy-doh-my-KOH-sis) is a fungal infection caused by Coccidioides species. It is also commonly known as “Valley Fever” because it is most prevalent in the valleys of the southwestern United States, especially in California and Arizona. People usually get infected by breathing in spores from the air—not from contact with sick people or
Introduction Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance in normal vaginal bacteria. Good bacteria like Lactobacillus decrease, and harmful bacteria increase, leading to symptoms like discharge and odor. The human body is home to millions of microorganisms. Most of them are helpful and live in harmony with us. However, sometimes
Introduction Cladistics is a method of biological classification that groups organisms based on their common ancestry. It focuses on evolutionary relationships and the branching patterns of lineages, rather than just physical similarities. Have you ever wondered how scientists figure out which organisms are more closely related to each other? Or how they trace the evolutionary
Introduction The circulatory system is a transport system that moves nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. In earthworms, it plays a crucial role in maintaining life processes, even though they lack complex organs like a heart or lungs. The earthworm may seem like a simple, lowly creature squirming through the soil, but
1. Definitions Cilia are short, hair‑like structures on the surface of many eukaryotic cells. They beat in coordinated waves, much like tiny oars, to move fluid, mucus, or even the cell itself. Flagella are long, whip‑like appendages used for movement. Depending on the organism, flagella can propel an entire cell, such as sperm, or help
Introduction A chromosome is a long, thread-like structure made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and proteins. Every living being—whether it’s a human, a bird, or a tree—carries a hidden instruction manual inside each cell. This instruction manual is stored in the form of chromosomes. These tiny, thread-like structures carry the genetic blueprint that tells our
