Prokaryotes are simple, single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles inside their cells. Their DNA floats freely in the cell, and they include organisms like bacteria and archaea. They are among the oldest and smallest forms of life, but they play very important roles in nature and human health. Life […]
Introduction Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes are two major classes of fish, where Chondrichthyes are cartilaginous fish with skeletons made of cartilage (like sharks and rays), and Osteichthyes are bony fish with skeletons made of bone (like salmon and goldfish). Fish are among the most fascinating creatures on Earth. They come in all shapes, sizes, and colors,
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Introduction Bacteria are tiny, single-celled organisms, but don’t let their size fool you—they’re incredibly smart when it comes to survival. One of their coolest tricks is the ability to pick up DNA from their surroundings and use it to improve themselves. This process is called bacterial transformation. You can think of it like this: imagine
Bacterial Transformation: Competence in gram positive and gram negative bacteria Read More »
Introduction Imagine you haven’t eaten for a long time maybe you’re fasting, on a strict diet, or going through intense physical training. Your body needs energy to keep going, especially your brain and red blood cells, which mainly run on glucose (a type of sugar). But what happens when there’s no more sugar left from
Introduction Vegetative cell and endospore are two different forms of a bacterial cell, where the vegetative cell is the active, growing form and the endospore is the dormant, highly resistant form that helps the bacterium survive harsh conditions. Bacteria are fascinating microorganisms that can survive in some of the harshest environments on Earth. One of
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Introduction Bacterial flagella are long, whip-like, tail-like structures attached to some bacteria that help them move through liquid by rotating like a tiny motor. Bacteria are tiny living organisms, and some of them have a special structure called a flagellum (plural: flagella) that helps them move. Think of a flagellum like a little tail or
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Bacteria Bacteria are microscopic living organisms that can grow and multiply quickly when the conditions are right. When bacteria are placed in a fresh environment with nutrients, they follow a predictable pattern of growth called the bacterial growth curve. Summary of Bacterial Growth Bacterial Growth Curve This curve has four main phases: lag phase, log
Bacteria are tiny living organisms found almost everywhere on Earth. They can grow and multiply very quickly under the right conditions. However, many factors affect how fast or slow they grow. Understanding these factors is important in many fields like medicine, food production, and microbiology. Summary of the factors affecting bacterial growth Factors Affecting Bacterial
Microorganisms are tiny living organisms that are found everywhere. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. While many microorganisms are harmless or even helpful, some can cause diseases, food spoilage, and other problems. Therefore, controlling the growth and spread of harmful microorganisms is very important, especially in healthcare, food production, and public sanitation. One of
Fungi are a unique group of organisms that are different from plants, animals, and bacteria. They belong to their own kingdom called the Kingdom Fungi. These organisms play important roles in nature and have a wide range of uses in medicine, industry, and agriculture. In this article, we will explore the main characteristics of fungi
