1. Introduction Antibiotics are among the most important tools in modern medicine. They help us treat infections and save lives. However, not all antibiotics are created equal. Some are stronger than others, and carbapenems are among the most powerful. Carbapenems are often called “last-resort antibiotics” because doctors use them when other antibiotics fail. They are […]
1. Introduction In today’s world, one of the biggest threats to healthcare is antibiotic resistance — when bacteria no longer respond to the medicines designed to kill them. One especially dangerous example of this is Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). This is a type of bacteria that is not only hard to treat but can also
Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) Read More »
Introduction The capsule stain is a specialized microbiological technique used to visualize bacterial capsules—gelatinous, protective layers surrounding some bacterial cells. These capsules play crucial roles in virulence, immune evasion, and biofilm formation. Unlike routine staining methods, capsule staining requires special approaches because capsules are water-soluble and non-ionic, making them resistant to conventional stains. This guide
Capsule Stain: Principle, Procedure, and Result Interpretation Read More »
Introduction Candida parapsilosis is a type of yeast that naturally lives on human skin, mucous membranes, and in the gastrointestinal tract. While usually harmless in healthy individuals, it can cause serious infections, especially in people with weakened immune systems, premature babies, and those with medical devices like catheters or implants. Unlike its more notorious relative Candida albicans, C.
Cancer is one of the most complex and devastating diseases affecting millions worldwide. At its core, cancer is a disease of abnormal cell behavior—where cells lose their normal regulatory mechanisms, grow uncontrollably, and spread to other tissues. Understanding cancer cells—their definition, appearance, types, and how they develop—is crucial for both medical professionals and the general
Cancer Cells: Definition, Morphology, Types, and Development Read More »
The CAMP test is a simple, yet very important diagnostic test used in microbiology. It is commonly performed in labs to identify specific types of bacteria, especially a type known as Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae). This test is widely used because it is easy to perform, does not require expensive equipment, and gives reliable
CAMP Test – Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses, and Limitations Read More »
The human body is made up of trillions of cells. Among them, nerve cells, or neurons, are very special. They are the messengers of the body. Neurons carry information from one part of the body to another. This information travels in the form of nerve impulses. A nerve impulse is like an electrical signal. It
1. Introduction The thyroid gland is one of the most important organs in our body, even though it is small and light. It acts like the body’s thermostat—controlling how fast or slow everything works inside us. From your heartbeat to how quickly you burn calories, the thyroid keeps everything in balance. It does this by
Thyroid Gland: Functions, Disorders, Symptoms & Treatments Read More »
1. Introduction The adrenal glands are two small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney. The human body has many glands that help maintain balance, health, and proper function. One of the most important is the adrenal gland. Though small in size, these glands play a powerful role in our body’s response to stress,
Adrenal Gland: Structure, Location, and Hormones Read More »
1. Introduction Bacteria are among the simplest yet most fascinating forms of life on Earth. Some bacteria can survive in extreme conditions like boiling heat, freezing cold, radiation, and even toxic chemicals. How do they manage this? The answer lies in their ability to form endospores. To understand this ability, we need to know about
Difference Between Vegetative Cell and Endospore Read More »
