Introduction The immune system plays a vital role in protecting our body from foreign invaders. But sometimes, it can mistakenly attack our own cells. One of the best diagnostic tools that help detect such immune-related disorders, especially those affecting red blood cells (RBCs), is the Coomb’s test. Also known as the Antiglobulin Test, it helps […]
Introduction Microorganisms play a vital role in many biotechnological processes. One of the key methods for cultivating these organisms, especially for industrial and research purposes, is the continuous culture system. Unlike batch culture, where microorganisms are grown in a fixed volume of nutrients, continuous culture provides a constant environment where fresh nutrients are added and
Introduction A gradient refers to a gradual change or difference in quantity or value between two points in space. It tells us how something changes over a distance—this “something” could be temperature, pressure, concentration, height, or even color intensity. In the world of biology, chemistry, and even physics, one concept plays a crucial role in
Introduction The complement system is one of the most powerful parts of our body’s immune defense. It consists of a group of proteins that work together to protect us from infections, clean up damaged cells, and support other parts of the immune system. While its functions are fascinating, understanding its properties and naming system (nomenclature)
Introduction Complement components are a group of specialized proteins found in the blood and on cell surfaces that make up the complement system, which is a vital part of our immune defense. These components are usually labeled C1 to C9, along with some additional proteins like Factor B, Factor D, Properdin, MBL (mannose-binding lectin), and
Introduction Competition interaction is a type of biological interaction where two or more organisms or species struggle to gain access to the same limited resource, such as food, water, shelter, light, space, or mates. In nature, all living organisms interact with one another in many different ways. One of the most common and crucial types
Introduction Pathogenic bacteria are types of bacteria that cause disease in humans, animals, or plants. Unlike harmless or beneficial bacteria that help with digestion or nutrient cycling, pathogenic bacteria invade the body, disrupt normal function, and can lead to illness. The human digestive system is home to trillions of microbes, most of which are beneficial
Introduction Commensalism is a type of biological relationship between two living organisms in which one organism benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor helped. In simple terms: One organism gains something (like food, shelter, or transportation), and the other organism remains unaffected — it doesn’t get hurt or helped. Example: A barnacle attaching to
Introduction Coltiviruses are a group of viruses that belong to the Reoviridae family, known to cause a feverish illness in humans known as Colorado Tick Fever (CTF). Though not as widespread as the flu, CTF and related infections are important due to their geographic association, vector (tick) involvement, and potential for misdiagnosis. Viruses are microscopic
Introduction Stool (also called feces) is more than just waste material—it holds valuable information about a person’s health. It can help detect infections, parasites, digestive disorders, blood, and even cancer. But to get accurate results, how the stool sample is collected, handled, and transported is just as important as the testing itself. Imagine a situation
