Introduction In the field of microbiology, accurate identification and isolation of pathogenic bacteria are crucial for diagnosis, treatment, and public health monitoring. One of the most valuable tools in this process is the use of selective and differential culture media. Among these, Deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA) stands out as a powerful medium, especially for isolating […]
Introduction The immune system is our body’s sophisticated defense network, and within it lies a class of cells that serve as essential messengers between innate and adaptive immunity. These are the dendritic cells (DCs) — specialized white blood cells that detect danger, capture invaders, and instruct the immune system on how to respond. Like the
Introduction The world of microorganisms, invisible to the naked eye, has fascinated scientists for centuries. Observing these tiny entities requires specialized tools—and among these, the darkfield microscope stands out for its ability to make transparent and unstained specimens come alive in glowing detail. Whether it’s viewing living bacteria, spirochetes, or minute aquatic organisms, darkfield microscopy
Introduction The cell is the fundamental unit of life, and within it lies a complex, dynamic, and gel-like substance called the cytoplasm. Often referred to as the “living soup” of the cell, it is much more than just a filler it is a hub of activity where essential life processes occur. Whether in a single-celled
Introduction The immune system is a complex network that protects the body from infections, diseases, and foreign invaders. Among the many elements that coordinate immune responses, cytokines and chemokines are two critical classes of small proteins. While both act as signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis, they are distinct in their
Introduction Cysticercosis is a parasitic tissue infection caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. While Taenia solium can infect the human intestine (taeniasis), cysticercosis occurs when its larvae, called cysticerci, invade various body tissues, especially muscles, eyes, skin, and the central nervous system. The most severe form of this condition is
Introduction Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is a deadly virus that causes a severe form of viral hemorrhagic fever in humans. It is one of the most widespread tick-borne viruses known to infect humans and is of great public health concern due to its high fatality rate, potential for outbreaks, and absence of a widely
Introduction Corynebacterium diphtheriae, commonly known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus, is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes diphtheria, a serious and potentially life-threatening infection. Discovered by Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Löffler in the late 19th century, this bacterium became infamous for its role in respiratory and cutaneous infections before the advent of effective vaccination. Though diphtheria is
Introduction The immune system plays a vital role in protecting our body from foreign invaders. But sometimes, it can mistakenly attack our own cells. One of the best diagnostic tools that help detect such immune-related disorders, especially those affecting red blood cells (RBCs), is the Coomb’s test. Also known as the Antiglobulin Test, it helps
Introduction Microorganisms play a vital role in many biotechnological processes. One of the key methods for cultivating these organisms, especially for industrial and research purposes, is the continuous culture system. Unlike batch culture, where microorganisms are grown in a fixed volume of nutrients, continuous culture provides a constant environment where fresh nutrients are added and
