Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is primarily caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene located on the X chromosome. This mutation leads to a deficiency in the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which is essential for normal brain development. The inheritance pattern of FXS is X-linked dominant, meaning the mutated gene is carried on […]
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Malonate test is a valuable tool in microbiology for differentiating bacteria based on their ability to utilize malonate as a sole carbon source. By observing the color change in the medium, microbiologists can gain insights into the metabolic capabilities of the bacteria, aiding in their identification and characterization. Malonate test A biochemical test called the
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Reproductive system of Earthworm is an intricate and specialized structure adapted for hermaphroditism, meaning each individual possesses both male and female reproductive organs. Reproductive system of Earthworm As hermaphrodites, earthworms have both male and female reproductive organs. Earthworms are referred to as farmers’ companions. They have a cylindrical, metamerically segmented body. They’re reddish-brown in color.
Haemophilus influenzae requires both X factor (hemin) and V factor (NAD) for growth, which are not readily available in all growth media but can be produced by certain other bacteria. Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus influenzae is a small, pleomorphic, Gram-negative coccobacillus that is a significant human pathogen. It is part of the normal flora of the
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4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-Glucuronide (MUG) test is a biochemical assay used to detect the enzyme β-glucuronidase, which is produced by certain bacteria, notably Escherichia coli (E. coli). This test is commonly used in microbiological water testing and food safety to identify E. coli as an indicator of fecal contamination. 4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-Glucuronide Test The 4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-Glucuronide test (MUG) is a biochemical
Optochin susceptibility test is a key diagnostic tool used to differentiate Streptococcus pneumoniae from other alpha-hemolytic streptococci, particularly Streptococcus viridans group. The test is based on the sensitivity of S. pneumoniae to the antibiotic optochin, which inhibits its growth. Optochin Susceptibility Test Optochin Susceptibility Test is a laboratory method used to differentiate Streptococcus pneumoniae from
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Hippurate hydrolysis test is a biochemical experiment used to distinguish between specific bacteria species, particularly those from the Streptococcus and Campylobacter genera. This test is mostly used to identify Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) and Campylobacter jejuni. Hippurate Hydrolysis Test The hippurate hydrolysis test is a biochemical experiment that distinguishes and identifies certain bacterial species
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Bile solubility test is used to differentiate Streptococcus pneumoniae from other alpha-hemolytic streptococci based on the ability of S. pneumoniae to lyse in the presence of bile salts. Bile solubility test Bile solubility test is based on the unique ability of Streptococcus pneumoniae to lyse in the presence of bile salts (typically sodium deoxycholate). This
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Bioremediation is the use of microbes, plants, or microbial or plant enzymes to detoxify environmental pollutants. There are two types : in situ and ex situ. Each has its own approach, advantages, and limitations. The choice between them depends on the specific circumstances of the contamination, including the type and extent of pollutants, site conditions,
Phytoremediation represents a viable and environmentally acceptable approach for environmental cleanup. Phytoremediation promotes long-term environmental management and restoration by utilizing plants’ inherent ability to absorb, convert, and detoxify contaminants. Understanding its classification, mechanisms, applications, and limitations is critical for successfully implementing phytoremediation procedures and addressing environmental concerns. Phytoremediation Phytoremediation is an environmentally benign and cost-effective
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