Author name: Prastu Regmi

Agglutination test - types, and examples

Agglutination test – types, and examples

Agglutination tests are immunological assays that identify the presence of certain antigens or antibodies in a sample by examining particle clumping (agglutination). These assays take advantage of the ability of antibodies to attach to antigens, resulting in apparent clumping when the reaction occurs. Agglutination assays are widely utilized in a variety of applications, including clinical […]

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Mechanism of induced mutation: base analogs, base alteration, intercalation, pyrimidine dimer formation

Mechanism of induced mutation: base analogs, base alteration, intercalation, pyrimidine dimer formation

Mutations are alterations in the DNA sequence that can cause variances in genetic information. While some mutations occur naturally, others are produced by exposure to environmental or chemical sources. Understanding the mechanisms of induced mutation is critical in genetics, medicine, and environmental science. This essay will review the mechanisms of induced mutation, with a particular

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Huntington's disease - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

Huntington’s disease-Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a degenerative hereditary ailment that affects the brain, causing a gradual decline in physical and mental ability. It is a neurodegenerative condition that mostly affects the basal ganglia, which regulate movement and cognitive abilities. HD is defined by a combination of motor impairment, cognitive decline, and mental disorders. This essay will

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Alpha-Thalassemia: Causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis and treatment

Alpha-Thalassemia: Causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis and treatment

Alpha-thalassemia is a genetic blood condition that impairs the production of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. This disorder is caused by mutations or deletions in the HBA1 and HBA2 genes, which are required to produce alpha-globin chains, a critical component of hemoglobin. Understanding it involves thoroughly examining

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Listeria infection (Listeriosis): virulence factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

Listeria infection (Listeriosis): virulence factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

Listeriosis, caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, is a serious health danger, especially for pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and those with immune deficiencies. The bacterium uses a variety of virulence factors, including internalin (InlA and InlB) for cellular invasion, listeriolysin O (LLO) for phagosome escape, ActA for intracellular movement via actin polymerization, and phospholipases

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Plague: transmission, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology

Plague: transmission, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology

Plague, a historically terrible disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, remains a public health problem despite advances in medical technology. It is also known for its participation in some of the deadliest pandemics in human history and takes three basic forms: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic, each with its unique transmission mechanism and clinical presentation.

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Leprosy: clinical diagnosis and treatment

Leprosy: clinical diagnosis and treatment

Leprosy, often known as Hansen’s disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, upper respiratory tract, eyes, and testicles. While the disease is curable with multidrug therapy, early diagnosis, and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent permanent disabilities. It has extended incubation periods, which

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Biochemical Test of Campylobacter jejuni

Biochemical Test of Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter jejuni is an important pathogen, accounting for most bacterial gastroenteritis cases worldwide. As a Gram-negative, curved rod bacterium, it is commonly associated with contaminated food and water, especially chicken. Accurately identifying Campylobacter jejuni is critical for effective infection diagnosis and treatment. This procedure entails various biochemical tests and the observation of growth features. These

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